- Revolt against ethical and aesthetic standards
- La sensibilitie: Proneness to emotion and sympathy
- Men conscious of: danger of chaos, strong emotions of passions, safety and sacrifices needed to achieve it
- The Romantic Revolt: Rigorous and passionate individual life, industrialisation was ugly, growth of economic organisations interfered with individual liberty.
- Beauty is better than usefulness
- Frankenstein's monster longed for affection but never got it. Turned to violence once everyone had turned on him.
Kant
-A German Idealism in General
- Critique of knowledge
- Mind over matter
- Scholastic tone
-Outline of Kant's philosophy
- Science
- General Natural History and the Heavens
- All planets are inhibited, the best inhabitants live on the distant worlds
- The Critique of Pure Reason
- None of our knowledge can transcend from experience, it is a priori and not inferred inductively from experience
- Analytic proposition
- 'A tall man is a man', 'a large dog is a dog'. To say a large dog isn't a dog would be contradictory.
- Synthetic proposition
- 'Tuesday was a wet day,' 'Napoleon was a great general'. Nothing can prove that Tuesday was wet or that Napoleon was a great general. Kant won't admit that synthetic propositions are only known through experience.
- Empirical proposition
- We cannot know without sense-perception, either your own testimony or someone else's who you accept. History/Geography.
- A priori proposition
- Elicited by experience, has basis other than experience. A child learning maths experiences four marbles, then another two marbles. Then he observes four marbles. Two add two is four. Experience with observation.
- How are synthetic problems a priori possible?
- All meta-physical problems have already been solved. Problems that haven't been solved have the key to the solution already supplied.
- Outer world causes a sensation
- Our minds order this in space and time.
- Things in themselves are unknowable and can't be categorised "that thing over there" is unclear.
- Space and time are subjective
- Kant's categories
- Quantity
- Unity
- Plurality
- Totality
- Quality
- Reality
- Negation
- Limitation
- Relation
- Relation
- Substance-and-accident
- Cause-and-effect
- Recipriocity
- Modality
- Possibility
- Existence
- Necessity
- These are subjective
- Proof of God through pure reason
- Ontological
- God is the ultimate being so must exist
- Cosmological
- For anything to exist an absolute being must exist. I exist so God exists.
- Physico-Theological
- Universe has an order which is evident of purpose. Architect proven, not creator. Moral laws in universe prove God.
- Imperatives
- Hypothetical
- You must do this to reach this end.
- Categorical
- This action is necessary no matter the outcome.
- Theory of Space and Time
- Perception = Phenomenon
- Sensation - picked up by senses, causes us to relate and order objects
- Form - not subjective, always the same, a priori true. A bike has two wheels.
- Proof that space and time are a priori forms
- Space - Metaphysical argument
- external experience is only possible because of space
- cannot imagine that there's no space, but can imagine that there is nothing in a space
- one space, we call parts of space 'spaces'
- Space is presented as an infinite magnitude. Is an anschauung 'pure intuition'
- Space - Transcendental argument
- Geometrical proofs depend on figures. Contains sensibility.
- We cannot perceive otherwise. Cannot perceive no space.
- Time
- Arguments are the same but arithmetic replaces geometry on the basis that it takes time to count
